Term Lists
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RCT Schema Terms
- Secondary-study
- Trial
- Anchored-time
- Interval
- Double-anchored-interval
- Single-anchored-interval
- Timepoint
- Time-range
- Duration
- Date
- Exclusion-rule
- Inclusion-rule
- Recruitment-flowchart
- Primary-recruitment-flowchart
- Recruited-population
- Randomized-population
- Enrolled-population
- Eligible-population
- Screened-population
- Excluded population
- Analyzed population
- Crossover population
- Study-arm population
- Site-enrollment
- Protocol-concept
- Follow-up activity
- Protocol-change
- Treatment-assignment
- Protocol
- Executed-protocol
- Intended-protocol
- Reason
- Withdrawal-reason
- Outcomes-followup
- Secondary-study-protocol
- Intended-secondary-study-protocol
- Executed-secondary-study-protocol
- Stopping-rule
- Cost
- Outcome
- Baseline
- Study-outcome
- Primary-outcome
- Secondary-outcome
- Ancillary-outcome
- Side-effect
- Study-site
- Trial-participant
- Investigator
- Study-committee
- Funder
- Institution
- Blinding
- Blinding-method
- Intervention-step
- Drug-step
- Non-drug-intervention-step
- Intervention-arm
- Comparison-arm
- Experimental-arm
- Cointervention*
- Intervention*
- Procedure
- Device
- Drug
- No-treatment
- Placebo
Foundations of Clinical Research (Scheuermann list)
- Outcome assessment
- Morbidity
- mortality
- length of stay
- readmission
- Physical
- social
- psychological well-being
- Patient satisfaction
- patient preference
- self-assessment of functional capacity
- quality of life
- Acute conditions and chronic conditions
- Sources of knowledge
- Tradition (precedent)
- Authority (trusted expert)
- Trial and error
- Logical reasoning - Deductive reasoning, Inductive reasoning
- Scientific method (establishing cause and effect relationships) – a systematic, empirical, controlled and critical examination of hypothetical propositions about the associations among natural phenomena.
- Types of research
- Basic vs applied
- Observational [descriptive (describe populations) vs exploratory (find relationships)] vs experimental (test cause-and-effect relationships through the manipulation of variable)
- Case study – description of one or more patients
- Developmental research – description of pattern of change over time
- Normative research – establishing normal values
- Qualitative research – gathering data through interview or observation
- Cohort or case-control studies – establish associations
- Methodological studies – establish reliability and validity of a new method
- Secondary analysis – exploring new relationships in old data
- Historical research
- Randomized clinical trial – controlled comparison of an experimental intervention allowing the assessment of the causes of outcomes
- Single-subject design
- Sequential clinical trial
- Evaluation research – assessment of the success of a program or policy
- Quasi-experimental research
- Meta-analysis – statistically combining findings from several different studies to obtain a summary analysis
- Qualitative vs quantitative research
- Research process
- Phase I: Identify the research question
- Identify the research problem
- Review of literature to provide a theoretical framework
- Identify variables
- State hypothesis
- Phase II: Design the study
- Design the protocol
- Choose a sample
- Phase III: Methods
- Collect data
- Reduce data
- Phase IV: Data analysis
- Analyze data
- Interpret findings
- Phase V: Communication
- Report findings
- Suggest future studies
- Phase I: Identify the research question
- Theory – a set of interrelated concepts, definitions or propositions that specifies relationships among variables a represents a systematic view of specific phenomena. A good theory should provide a thorough and rationale explanation of observed facts, and should be economical, important and fluid.
- Hypothesis - specific predictions based on a theory.
- Concepts – abstraction that allow us to classify natural phenomena and empirical observations
- Constructs – concepts that represent non-observable behaviors or events
- Variables – concepts that can be assigned values and thus must be defined operationally by the methods for measuring or evaluating them
- Propositions – state the relationships between variables
- Hierarchical – show vertical relationships
- Temporal – order concepts in time and states a sequence of events
- Quantitative – frequency or duration of a specific behavior
- Model – symbolic representation of the elements of a system
- Physical
- Schematic
- Process
- Statistical
- Inductive theory – theory based on empirically verifiable observations
- Hypothetical-deductive theory – theory developed on the basis of great insight and intuitive understanding with few or no prior observations
- Law – a theory that has reached a level of absolute consistency in outcome, thus allowing precise prediction.
- Empirical observations => Facts => Conceptual Framework => Theory => Research hypothesis => Facts
- Deduction – theory testing
- Induction – theory development