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== Workshop on Ontologies of Cellular Networks == | == Workshop on Ontologies of Cellular Networks == | ||
− | |||
− | This workshop is organized by Yves Lussier (Chicago/MAGNet), Alan Ruttenberg (Neurocommons) and Barry Smith (Buffalo/NCBO). It is funded by the United States National Institutes of Health (NIH) through the NIH Roadmap for Medical Research, Grant 1 U54 HG004028. Information on the National Centers for Biomedical Computing can be found at [http://nihroadmap.nih.gov/bioinformatics]. | + | This NCBO workshop is organized by Yves Lussier (Chicago/MAGNet), Alan Ruttenberg (Neurocommons) and Barry Smith (Buffalo/NCBO). It is funded by the United States National Institutes of Health (NIH) through the NIH Roadmap for Medical Research, Grant 1 U54 HG004028. Information on the National Centers for Biomedical Computing can be found at [http://nihroadmap.nih.gov/bioinformatics]. |
+ | |||
+ | '''THIS EVENT IS NOW FULLY SUBSCRIBED.''' | ||
== Goals == | == Goals == | ||
Line 24: | Line 25: | ||
*neurocurrent networks | *neurocurrent networks | ||
− | == | + | == Agenda == |
'''Thursday, March 27, 2008''' | '''Thursday, March 27, 2008''' | ||
Line 35: | Line 36: | ||
::Chris Sander: Pathways and Networks: An Overview of the Science | ::Chris Sander: Pathways and Networks: An Overview of the Science | ||
− | :: | + | ::Nancy Gough: [http://ontology.buffalo.edu/08/networks/Gough.ppt Challenges to Representing Pathways] |
* 11:00am Refreshment Break | * 11:00am Refreshment Break | ||
− | * 11:15am (Session 1, | + | * 11:15am (Session 1, continued) |
− | :: | + | ::Richard Scheuermann: [http://ontology.buffalo.edu/08/networks/Scheuermann.ppt Biological Network Analysis and Representational Implications] |
− | ::Yves Lussier | + | ::Yves Lussier: [http://ontology.buffalo.edu/08/networks/Lussier.pdf Resources for Multiscale Analysis of Cellular Networks and ECM] |
* 12:30pm Lunch Break | * 12:30pm Lunch Break | ||
Line 48: | Line 49: | ||
* 1:30pm '''Session 2 - Introduction to Ontology (Moderator: Barry Smith)''' | * 1:30pm '''Session 2 - Introduction to Ontology (Moderator: Barry Smith)''' | ||
− | : | + | ::Barry Smith: [http://ontology.buffalo.edu/08/networks/smith.ppt An Introduction to Biomedical Ontology] |
− | ::Lindsay Cowell: | + | ::Lindsay Cowell: [http://ontology.buffalo.edu/08/networks/cowell.ppt Using Ontologies to Represent Immunological Networks] |
− | :: | + | ::Jose L. V. Mejino, Jr.: [http://ontology.buffalo.edu/08/networks/mejino.ppt The Foundational Model of Anatomy (FMA) Ontology: Framework for Cellular and Subcellular Anatomy] |
− | |||
* 3:30pm Refreshment Break | * 3:30pm Refreshment Break | ||
* 3:45pm '''Session 3 - Computational Analysis of Pathway and Network Data (Moderator: Alan Ruttenberg) | * 3:45pm '''Session 3 - Computational Analysis of Pathway and Network Data (Moderator: Alan Ruttenberg) | ||
− | : | + | ::Nigam Shah: [http://ontology.buffalo.edu/08/networks/Shah.ppt Computations using pathways and networks] |
− | :: | + | ::Andrea Splendini: [http://ontology.buffalo.edu/08/networks/Splendiani.pdf Using BioPAX Computationally] |
− | ::Andrea Splendini: Using BioPAX Computationally | ||
* 5:00pm End of Day 1 | * 5:00pm End of Day 1 | ||
Line 66: | Line 65: | ||
* 8:30am Continental Breakfast | * 8:30am Continental Breakfast | ||
− | * 9:00am Session 4: '''Current Approaches to Pathway and Network | + | * 9:00am Session 4: '''Current Approaches to Pathway and Network Ontologies (Moderator: Richard Scheuermann)''' |
− | :: | + | ::Markus Krummenacker: [http://ontology.buffalo.edu/08/networks/krummenacker.ppt The BioCyc Ontologies] |
− | ::Ken Fukuda: The INOH Pathway Database | + | ::Ken Fukuda: [http://ontology.buffalo.edu/08/networks/fukuda.pdf The INOH Pathway Database: Curation, Annotation, Integration] |
+ | ::Erick Antezana: [http://ontology.buffalo.edu/08/networks/Antezana.ppt The Cell Cycle Ontology] | ||
− | * 10: | + | * 10:30am Refreshment Break |
− | * | + | * 10:45am (Session 4, continued) |
− | ::Peter | + | ::Peter D'Eustachio and Gopal Gopinathrao: [http://ontology.buffalo.edu/08/networks/Gopinathrao.ppt Representing Biological Processes: The Reactome Database] |
− | :: | + | ::Darren Natale: [http://ontology.buffalo.edu/08/networks/Natale.ppt Protein Ontology: Addressing the Need for Precision in Representing Protein Networks] |
* 12.30pm Lunch Break | * 12.30pm Lunch Break | ||
− | * 1: | + | * 1:30pm '''Session 5 - Gaps in Pathway and Network Ontology (Moderator: Alan Ruttenberg)''' |
− | :Open discussion | + | ::Andrey Rzhetsky: [http://ontology.buffalo.edu/08/networks/Rzhetsky.ppt Text-Mining & Ontologies] |
+ | ::Oliver Ruebenacker: [http://ontology.buffalo.edu/08/networks/Ruebenacker.pdf Systems Biology Pathway Exchange] | ||
+ | ::Gopal Gopinathrao: [http://ontology.buffalo.edu/08/networks/Gopinathrao.ppt Gaps in Reactome] | ||
+ | ::Chris Sander: General Comments on Gaps between Pathways and Ontologies | ||
+ | ::Alan Ruttenberg: [http://www.bioontology.org/wiki/images/b/b7/Gaps.pdf Some Gaps of My Own: BioPAX-OBO Relationship, Identity, Definition of 'Pathway', Declarative Representations, Falsifiability, Entities] | ||
+ | ::Barry Smith: [http://ontology.buffalo.edu/08/networks/Smith2.ppt Pathways and Networks for Realists] | ||
+ | ::Open discussion. | ||
* 4:00pm End of Day 2 | * 4:00pm End of Day 2 | ||
− | ==Participants== | + | ==Confirmed Participants== |
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | Erick Antezana (VIB / Ghent University) | + | Erick Antezana (VIB / Ghent University, Belgium) |
− | Mikel Egana | + | Mikel Egana Aranguren (University of Manchester, UK) |
− | Robert Arp (NCBO / University at Buffalo) | + | Robert Arp (NCBO / University at Buffalo) |
− | Gary Bader (BioPAX / University of Toronto) | + | Gary Bader (BioPAX / University of Toronto, Canada) |
− | + | Michael Blinov (Center of Cell Analysis & Modeling / University of Connecticut Health Center) | |
− | Kei Cheung (Yale University / Center for Medical Informatics) | + | Kei Cheung (Yale University / Center for Medical Informatics) |
− | Lindsay Cowell (Infectious Disease Ontology / Duke University Medical Center) | + | Lindsay Cowell (Infectious Disease Ontology / Duke University Medical Center) |
Emek Demir (BioPAX / Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center) | Emek Demir (BioPAX / Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center) | ||
− | Peter D'Eustachio (Reactome / New York University School of Medicine) | + | Peter D'Eustachio (Reactome / New York University School of Medicine) |
+ | |||
+ | Ken Fukuda (INOH Pathway Database / Computational Biology Research Center, Advanced Industrial Science & Technology, Japan) | ||
− | + | Louis Goldberg (Ontology Research Group / University at Buffalo) | |
− | + | Gopal Gopinathrao (Stein Lab / Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) | |
− | + | Nancy Gough (Science Signaling, AAAS) | |
− | + | Matt Holford (Yale University) | |
− | + | Markus Krummenacker (SRI International) | |
− | + | Yves Lussier (University of Chicago) | |
− | + | Joanne S. Luciano (MITRE, BioPAX, BioPathways Consortium) | |
− | Peter Lyster (NIGMS / National Institutes of Health) | + | Peter Lyster (NIGMS / National Institutes of Health) |
− | Avi Ma'ayan (Mount Sinai School of Medicine) | + | Avi Ma'ayan (Mount Sinai School of Medicine) |
− | + | Jose L. V. Mejino, Jr. (FMA Ontology / University of Washington, Seattle) | |
− | Richard Morse (CHDI Management Inc. / CHDI Foundation Inc.) | + | Richard Morse (CHDI Management Inc. / CHDI Foundation Inc.) |
− | Josefina (Fina) Nash (Coriell Institute) | + | Josefina (Fina) Nash (Coriell Institute) |
− | Darren Natale (Protein Ontology / PIR, Georgetown University Medical Center) | + | Darren Natale (Protein Ontology / PIR, Georgetown University Medical Center) |
− | Elgar Pichler (BioPAX / AstraZeneca) | + | Elgar Pichler (BioPAX / AstraZeneca) |
− | Othel Rolle (Pfizer, Inc.) | + | Othel Rolle (Pfizer, Inc.) |
− | Oliver Ruebenacker (Center for Cell Analysis and | + | Oliver Ruebenacker (Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling / University of Connecticut Health Center) |
Alan Ruttenberg (BioPAX / Science Commons) | Alan Ruttenberg (BioPAX / Science Commons) | ||
− | Andrey Rzhetsky (University of Chicago) | + | Andrey Rzhetsky (University of Chicago) |
Chris Sander (BioPAX / Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center) | Chris Sander (BioPAX / Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center) | ||
− | Richard Scheuermann (UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas)''' | + | Richard Scheuermann (UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas) |
+ | |||
+ | Nigam Shah (NCBO / Stanford University) | ||
+ | |||
+ | Barry Smith (NCBO / University at Buffalo) | ||
+ | |||
+ | Andrea Splendiani (BioPAX/Medical Informatics, University of Rennes, France) | ||
+ | |||
+ | Balaji S. Srinivasan (Stanford University, Statistics) | ||
+ | |||
+ | John Westbrook (Rutgers) | ||
+ | |||
+ | Ulrike Wittig (EML Research gGmbH, Germany) | ||
+ | |||
+ | Cathy Wu (Protein Ontology / PIR, Georgetown University Medical Center) | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Venue / Lodging / Transportation== | ||
+ | |||
+ | '''VENUE:''' | ||
+ | The NCBO Workshop on Ontologies of Cellular Networks will take place on March 27-28, 2008 at the [http://www1.hilton.com/en_US/hi/hotel/EWRAHHH-Hilton-Newark-Airport-New-Jersey/index.do Hilton Newark Airport Hotel] (''Junior Ballroom''). | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | '''LODGING:''' | ||
+ | Participants of the NCBO Workshop on Ontologies of Cellular Networks wishing to stay at the Hilton Newark Airport Hotel can make room reservations either by calling 1-800-HILTONS and asking for the '''"National Center for Biomedical Ontology"''' block, or by entering group/convention code '''"NCB"''' when making reservations online at the [http://www1.hilton.com/en_US/hi/hotel/EWRAHHH-Hilton-Newark-Airport-New-Jersey/index.do Hilton Newark Airport Hotel] website. | ||
+ | |||
+ | NOTE: To qualify for the special room block rate of $149 (+ tax) per night, reservations must be secured no later than '''Wednesday, March 5'''. After this date, reservations will be accepted based on availability and at prevailing rates. | ||
− | |||
− | + | '''TRANSPORTATION / DRIVING DIRECTIONS TO VENUE:''' | |
− | + | ''FROM NEWARK AIRPORT:'' | |
− | + | HOTEL SHUTTLE: The Hilton Newark Airport Hotel provides complimentary shuttle service from (and to) the airport. When you arrive at the Newark Airport, follow signs to the Baggage Claim Area. Take the Airtrain to Airstation '''P4'''. The shuttle pickup is every 20 minutes from this location. | |
− | + | TAXI: Typical minimum charge is USD 20.00 | |
− | + | DRIVING DIRECTIONS: Follow signs to airport exit, US Rte 1&9 N. to Haynes Ave. Take US Rte 1&9 S. After McClellan St. overpass, bear right to Service Road. The Hilton Hotel entrance is the 2nd driveway. | |
− | |||
− | + | ''DRIVING DIRECTIONS FROM ELSEWHERE:'' | |
− | + | TRAVELLING SOUTHBOUND ON ROUTES 1 & 9: Local lanes, go past the McClellan Street exit. Immediately as you go under the overpass, get onto the Service Road in the right lane. The Hilton Hotel is immediately on your right. | |
− | + | TRAVELLING NORTHBOUND ON ROUTES 1 & 9: Exit at McClellan Street. At the base of the ramp, turn left, and the Hilton Hotel is on the right. | |
− | + | FROM THE N.J. TURNPIKE NORTHBOUND: Take exit 13A. Get on Routes 1 & 9 North to the McClellan Street exit. At base of ramp, turn left and the Hilton Hotel is on the right. | |
+ | |||
+ | FROM THE N.J. TURNPIKE SOUTHBOUND: Take exit 14 to Routes 1 & 9 south, local lanes, go past the McClellan Street exit. Immediately as you go under the overpass, get onto the Service Road in the right lane. The Hilton Hotel is immediately on your right. | ||
==Links == | ==Links == | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [http://groups.google.com/group/ontologies-of-cellular-networks?hl=en Google Groups discussion] | ||
* [http://sig.biostr.washington.edu/projects/fm/ FMA: Foundational Model of Anatomy] | * [http://sig.biostr.washington.edu/projects/fm/ FMA: Foundational Model of Anatomy] | ||
Line 181: | Line 212: | ||
==Literature== | ==Literature== | ||
− | [http://jinome.stanford.edu/pdfs/bbm038v1.pdf Current progress in network research] | + | *[http://jinome.stanford.edu/pdfs/bbm038v1.pdf Current progress in network research] |
+ | |||
+ | *[http://xml.coverpages.org/OntologyExchange.html An evaluation of ontology exchange languages for bioinformatics] | ||
+ | |||
+ | *[http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v25/n11/pdf/nbt1346.pdf Coordinated Evolution of Ontologies to Support Biomedical Data Integration] | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Green ML and Karp PD: [http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/34/13/3687 The outcomes of pathway database computations depend on pathway ontology] | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Addendum: Do Mountains Exist?== | ||
+ | |||
+ | This paper: | ||
+ | |||
+ | ::Barry Smith and David M. Mark, [http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/articles/Mountains.pdf “Do Mountains Exist? Towards an Ontology of Landforms”], Environment and Planning B (Planning and Design), 30(3) (2003), 411–427. | ||
− | + | defends the thesis that mountains do indeed exist. But it argues that this assertion is non-trivial, in virtue of the fact that mountains have no determinate boundaries. | |
− | [http:// | + | Similarly in the case of pathways and networks; pathways and networks do indeed exist -- but different groups of researchers place their boundaries in different places. To find ways to pool their data these different groups would need to acknowledge the differences in demarcation on which their pathway and network representations rest. See presentation [http://ontology.buffalo.edu/08/networks/smith2.ppt Pathways and Networks for Realists]. |
Latest revision as of 09:58, 3 June 2008
Workshop on Ontologies of Cellular Networks
This NCBO workshop is organized by Yves Lussier (Chicago/MAGNet), Alan Ruttenberg (Neurocommons) and Barry Smith (Buffalo/NCBO). It is funded by the United States National Institutes of Health (NIH) through the NIH Roadmap for Medical Research, Grant 1 U54 HG004028. Information on the National Centers for Biomedical Computing can be found at [1].
THIS EVENT IS NOW FULLY SUBSCRIBED.
Goals
The National Center for Biomedical Ontology will host a two-day workshop focused on ontologies of cellular networks.
The goals of this workshop are:
- 1. to provide an introduction to the basic tools and methods of ontology
- 2. to foster networking of, and enhanced coordination between, those groups already working on ontologies of cellular networks
- 3. to identify problems which must be solved if ontology methods are to be extended to represent biological mechanisms in greater detail
- 4. to promote further ontology development in this area with the goal of accelerating our ability to understand basic biological phenomena and to leverage experimental data
Potential topics for discussion include:
- signalling pathways
- metabolic pathways
- regulatory networks
- interaction networks
- gene expression correlation networks
- physiological networks
- neurocurrent networks
Agenda
Thursday, March 27, 2008
- 9:00am Registration and Continental Breakfast
- 9:30am Participant Self-Introductions
- 10:00am Session 1 - Biology of Pathways and Networks (Moderator: Yves Lussier)
- Chris Sander: Pathways and Networks: An Overview of the Science
- Nancy Gough: Challenges to Representing Pathways
- 11:00am Refreshment Break
- 11:15am (Session 1, continued)
- Richard Scheuermann: Biological Network Analysis and Representational Implications
- Yves Lussier: Resources for Multiscale Analysis of Cellular Networks and ECM
- 12:30pm Lunch Break
- 1:30pm Session 2 - Introduction to Ontology (Moderator: Barry Smith)
- Barry Smith: An Introduction to Biomedical Ontology
- Lindsay Cowell: Using Ontologies to Represent Immunological Networks
- Jose L. V. Mejino, Jr.: The Foundational Model of Anatomy (FMA) Ontology: Framework for Cellular and Subcellular Anatomy
- 3:30pm Refreshment Break
- 3:45pm Session 3 - Computational Analysis of Pathway and Network Data (Moderator: Alan Ruttenberg)
- Nigam Shah: Computations using pathways and networks
- Andrea Splendini: Using BioPAX Computationally
- 5:00pm End of Day 1
Friday, March 28, 2008
- 8:30am Continental Breakfast
- 9:00am Session 4: Current Approaches to Pathway and Network Ontologies (Moderator: Richard Scheuermann)
- Markus Krummenacker: The BioCyc Ontologies
- Ken Fukuda: The INOH Pathway Database: Curation, Annotation, Integration
- Erick Antezana: The Cell Cycle Ontology
- 10:30am Refreshment Break
- 10:45am (Session 4, continued)
- Peter D'Eustachio and Gopal Gopinathrao: Representing Biological Processes: The Reactome Database
- Darren Natale: Protein Ontology: Addressing the Need for Precision in Representing Protein Networks
- 12.30pm Lunch Break
- 1:30pm Session 5 - Gaps in Pathway and Network Ontology (Moderator: Alan Ruttenberg)
- Andrey Rzhetsky: Text-Mining & Ontologies
- Oliver Ruebenacker: Systems Biology Pathway Exchange
- Gopal Gopinathrao: Gaps in Reactome
- Chris Sander: General Comments on Gaps between Pathways and Ontologies
- Alan Ruttenberg: Some Gaps of My Own: BioPAX-OBO Relationship, Identity, Definition of 'Pathway', Declarative Representations, Falsifiability, Entities
- Barry Smith: Pathways and Networks for Realists
- Open discussion.
- 4:00pm End of Day 2
Confirmed Participants
Erick Antezana (VIB / Ghent University, Belgium)
Mikel Egana Aranguren (University of Manchester, UK)
Robert Arp (NCBO / University at Buffalo)
Gary Bader (BioPAX / University of Toronto, Canada)
Michael Blinov (Center of Cell Analysis & Modeling / University of Connecticut Health Center)
Kei Cheung (Yale University / Center for Medical Informatics)
Lindsay Cowell (Infectious Disease Ontology / Duke University Medical Center)
Emek Demir (BioPAX / Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center)
Peter D'Eustachio (Reactome / New York University School of Medicine)
Ken Fukuda (INOH Pathway Database / Computational Biology Research Center, Advanced Industrial Science & Technology, Japan)
Louis Goldberg (Ontology Research Group / University at Buffalo)
Gopal Gopinathrao (Stein Lab / Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)
Nancy Gough (Science Signaling, AAAS)
Matt Holford (Yale University)
Markus Krummenacker (SRI International)
Yves Lussier (University of Chicago)
Joanne S. Luciano (MITRE, BioPAX, BioPathways Consortium)
Peter Lyster (NIGMS / National Institutes of Health)
Avi Ma'ayan (Mount Sinai School of Medicine)
Jose L. V. Mejino, Jr. (FMA Ontology / University of Washington, Seattle)
Richard Morse (CHDI Management Inc. / CHDI Foundation Inc.)
Josefina (Fina) Nash (Coriell Institute)
Darren Natale (Protein Ontology / PIR, Georgetown University Medical Center)
Elgar Pichler (BioPAX / AstraZeneca)
Othel Rolle (Pfizer, Inc.)
Oliver Ruebenacker (Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling / University of Connecticut Health Center)
Alan Ruttenberg (BioPAX / Science Commons)
Andrey Rzhetsky (University of Chicago)
Chris Sander (BioPAX / Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center)
Richard Scheuermann (UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas)
Nigam Shah (NCBO / Stanford University)
Barry Smith (NCBO / University at Buffalo)
Andrea Splendiani (BioPAX/Medical Informatics, University of Rennes, France)
Balaji S. Srinivasan (Stanford University, Statistics)
John Westbrook (Rutgers)
Ulrike Wittig (EML Research gGmbH, Germany)
Cathy Wu (Protein Ontology / PIR, Georgetown University Medical Center)
Venue / Lodging / Transportation
VENUE: The NCBO Workshop on Ontologies of Cellular Networks will take place on March 27-28, 2008 at the Hilton Newark Airport Hotel (Junior Ballroom).
LODGING:
Participants of the NCBO Workshop on Ontologies of Cellular Networks wishing to stay at the Hilton Newark Airport Hotel can make room reservations either by calling 1-800-HILTONS and asking for the "National Center for Biomedical Ontology" block, or by entering group/convention code "NCB" when making reservations online at the Hilton Newark Airport Hotel website.
NOTE: To qualify for the special room block rate of $149 (+ tax) per night, reservations must be secured no later than Wednesday, March 5. After this date, reservations will be accepted based on availability and at prevailing rates.
TRANSPORTATION / DRIVING DIRECTIONS TO VENUE:
FROM NEWARK AIRPORT:
HOTEL SHUTTLE: The Hilton Newark Airport Hotel provides complimentary shuttle service from (and to) the airport. When you arrive at the Newark Airport, follow signs to the Baggage Claim Area. Take the Airtrain to Airstation P4. The shuttle pickup is every 20 minutes from this location.
TAXI: Typical minimum charge is USD 20.00
DRIVING DIRECTIONS: Follow signs to airport exit, US Rte 1&9 N. to Haynes Ave. Take US Rte 1&9 S. After McClellan St. overpass, bear right to Service Road. The Hilton Hotel entrance is the 2nd driveway.
DRIVING DIRECTIONS FROM ELSEWHERE:
TRAVELLING SOUTHBOUND ON ROUTES 1 & 9: Local lanes, go past the McClellan Street exit. Immediately as you go under the overpass, get onto the Service Road in the right lane. The Hilton Hotel is immediately on your right.
TRAVELLING NORTHBOUND ON ROUTES 1 & 9: Exit at McClellan Street. At the base of the ramp, turn left, and the Hilton Hotel is on the right.
FROM THE N.J. TURNPIKE NORTHBOUND: Take exit 13A. Get on Routes 1 & 9 North to the McClellan Street exit. At base of ramp, turn left and the Hilton Hotel is on the right.
FROM THE N.J. TURNPIKE SOUTHBOUND: Take exit 14 to Routes 1 & 9 south, local lanes, go past the McClellan Street exit. Immediately as you go under the overpass, get onto the Service Road in the right lane. The Hilton Hotel is immediately on your right.
Links
Literature
- Green ML and Karp PD: The outcomes of pathway database computations depend on pathway ontology
Addendum: Do Mountains Exist?
This paper:
- Barry Smith and David M. Mark, “Do Mountains Exist? Towards an Ontology of Landforms”, Environment and Planning B (Planning and Design), 30(3) (2003), 411–427.
defends the thesis that mountains do indeed exist. But it argues that this assertion is non-trivial, in virtue of the fact that mountains have no determinate boundaries.
Similarly in the case of pathways and networks; pathways and networks do indeed exist -- but different groups of researchers place their boundaries in different places. To find ways to pool their data these different groups would need to acknowledge the differences in demarcation on which their pathway and network representations rest. See presentation Pathways and Networks for Realists.